' the is the technological basis for the organizational form of the: the network.' Chapter 1, Lessons from the History of the Internet [ ] • The origins of the Internet are to be found in, a computer network set up by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in September 1969. ARPA was formed i 1958 by the Defense Department of the United States with the task of mobilizing research resources, particularly from the university world, toward building technological military superiority over the Soviet Union in the wake of the launching of the first in 1957. 10 • In sum, all the key technological developments that led to the internet were built around government institutions, major universities and research centers. The Internet did not orginate in the business world. It was too daring a technology, too expensive a project, and too risky an initiative to be assumed by profit-oriented organizations.

UNDERSTANDING ONLINE COMMUNITIES. We are amidst a new era which is characterised by automation, digitisation, and miniaturisation. Castells (2001a) calls it the 'Internet Galaxy' in contrast to McLuhan's. (1962) 'Gutenberg Galaxy', Rifkin (2000) coins it the 'Age of Access', whereas. Leadbeater (2000) christens it. Cashflow 101 Y 202 Download Music more.

22 • The most blatant illustration of this statement is the fact that in 1972, Larry Roberts, the director of IPTO, sought to privatize ARPANET, once it was up and running. He offered to transfer operational responsibility to ATT. After considering the proposal, with the help of a committee of experts from Bell Laboratories, the company refused. 22 • The Internet is, above all else, a cultural creation. 33 Chapter 2, The Culture of the Internet [ ] • Technological systems are socially produced.

Social production is culturally informed. The Internet is no exception. 36 • The Internet Culture is the culture of the creators of the Internet.

36 • The Internet culture is characterized by four layer-structure: • The Techno-Meritocratic Culture • The Hacker Culture • The Virtual Communitarian Culture • The Entrepreneurial Culture • p. 37 • Cultures are not made from free-floating values. They are rooted in institutions and organizations. 48 Chapter 3, e-Business and the New Economy [ ] •, Cisco's CEO and innovator, was, primarily, a salesman, and it shows. 71 • If valuation in the financial markets provides the bottom line for the performance of the company, it is labor that remains the source of productivity, innovation, and competitiveness. 90 • The e-economy cannot function without workers able to navigate, both technically and in terms of content, this deep sea of information, organizing it, focusing it, and transforming it into specific knowledge, appropriate for the task and purpose of the work process.

90 • Literally everything is based on the capacity to attract, retain, and efficiently use talented workers. 91 • As for the employees, the payment in stock options revives, somewhat ironically, the old anarchist ideology of self-management of the company, as they are co-owners, co-producers, and co- of the firm. 92 • At its core, the new economy is based on culture: on the culture of innovation, on the culture of risk, and the culture of expectations, and, ultimately on the culture of hope in the future.

Internationally, the program, created by the United States and the UK during the Cold War, seems to have been converted into industrial espionage, according to the French government agencies, by combining traditional eavesdropping and interference of telecommunications, with interception of electronic messages. Chapter 4, Virtual Communities or Network Society? [ ] • Internet use enhanced sociability both at a distance and in the local community. 122 Chapter 5, Computer Networks and Civil Society [ ] • Societies change through conflict and are managed by politics.

137 • The anti-globalization movement is not simply a network, it is an electronic network, it is an Internet-based movement. And because the Internet is its home it cannot be disorganized or captured. It swims like fish in the net • p. 142 • Realpolitik does not disappear in the Information Age. But it remains state-centric, in an era organized around networks, including networks of states. 160 Chapter 6, Privacy and Liberty in Cyberspace [ ] • The Internet is no longer a free realm, but neither has it fulfilled the Orwellian prophecy. It is a contested terrain, where the new, fundamental battle for freedom in the Information Age is being fought.

171 • Internationally, the program, created by the United States and the UK during the Cold War, seems to have been converted into industrial espionage, according to the French government agencies, by combining traditional eavesdropping and interference of telecommunications, with interception of electronic messages. 176 Chapter 7, Multimedia and the Internet [ ] • 'traditional media companies are not generating any profits from their Internet ventures.' 191 Chapter 8, The Geography of the Internet [ ] • Internet use is diffusing fast, but this diffusion follows a spatial pattern that fragments its geography according to wealth, technology, and power: it is the new geography of development. 212 Chapter 9, The Digital Divide in a Global Perspective [ ] • Indeed, in 1999, over half the people on the planet had never made or received a telephone call, although this is changing fast.

The Internet is no longer a free realm, but neither has it fulfilled the Orwellian prophecy. It is a contested terrain, where the new, fundamental battle for freedom in the Information Age is being fought. Free Download Eclipse Ecl 553 Manual Programs To Make Beats here. • The fundamental is no measured by the number of connections to the Internet, but by the consequences of both connection and lack of connection. 269 Conclusion, The Challenges of the Network Society [ ] • The Internet is indeed a technology of freedom - but it can free the powerful to oppress the uninformed, it may lead to the exclusion of the devalued by the conquerors of value. In this general sense, society has not changed much. 275 • Beyond the realm of radical protests, there is also fear among many citizens about what this new society, of which the Internet is the symbol, will bring about in terms of employment, education, social protection, and lifestyles. 276 • If you do not care about networks, the networks will care about you, anyway.

For as long as you want to live in society, at this time and in this place, you will have to deal with the network society. Because we live in the Internet Galaxy. 282 Communication, Power and Counter-power in the Network Society, 2007 [ ] Castells (2007) '. In: International Journal of Communication Vol 1 (2007), pp.

238-266 • The ongoing transformation of communication technology in the digital age extends the reach of communication media to all domains of social life in a network that is at the same time global and local, generic and customised in an ever-changing pattern. • The way people think determines the fate of norms and values on which societies are constructed. While coercion and fear are critical sources for imposing the will of the dominants over the dominated, few institutional systems can last long if they are predominantly based on sheer repression. Communication Power, 2009 [ ] Castells (2009) Communication power. Oxford/New York, Oxford University Press • is based on the control of communication and information, be it the macro-power of the state and media corporations or the micro-power of organizations of all sorts.

1475 • In the network society, the space of flows dissolves time by disordering the sequence of events and making them simultaneous in the communication networks, thus installing society in structural ephemerality: being cancels becoming. 1510 External links [ ].