Mechanical desktop typewriters, such as this, were long-time standards of government agencies, newsrooms, and offices A typewriter is a or machine for writing characters similar to those produced by printer's. A typewriter operates by means of that strike a ribbon to transmit ink or carbon impressions onto paper.

Typically, a single character is printed on each key press. The machine prints characters by making ink impressions of type elements similar to the used in. At the end of the nineteenth century, the term typewriter was also applied to a person who used a machine. Peter Mitterhofer's typewriter prototype (1864) Although many modern typewriters have one of several similar designs, their invention was incremental, developed by numerous inventors working independently or in competition with each other over a series of decades. As with the,, and, a number of people contributed insights and inventions that eventually resulted in ever more commercially successful instruments. Historians have estimated that some form of typewriter was invented 52 times as thinkers tried to come up with a workable design.

NzU5WDEwMjQ=/z/i8MAAOSwtfhYpEWx/$_57.JPG' alt='Canon Typestar 10 Manual' title='Canon Typestar 10 Manual' />Argos No. Autumn by Retromash. Here are some typewriter users manuals and service manuals that have been converted to PDF format by myself and other collectors. Please note that. Nov 10, 2015 - 4 min - Uploaded by Reality TechWhile checking out a local thrift store, I stumbled across this Canon Typestar 10-II Electronic.

Early innovations [ ] Some of the early typing instruments: • In 1575 an printmaker, Francesco Rampazetto, invented the scrittura tattile, a machine to impress letters in papers. [ ] • In 1714, obtained a patent in Britain for a machine that, from the patent, appears to have been similar to a typewriter. The patent shows that this machine was actually created: '[he] hath by his great study and paines & expence invented and brought to perfection an artificial machine or method for impressing or transcribing of letters, one after another, as in writing, whereby all writing whatsoever may be engrossed in paper or parchment so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print; that the said machine or method may be of great use in settlements and public records, the impression being deeper and more lasting than any other writing, and not to be erased or counterfeited without manifest discovery.'

• In 1802 Italian Agostino Fantoni developed a particular typewriter to enable his sister to write. • In 1808 Italian invented a typewriter.

He also invented to provide the ink for his machine. [ ] • In 1823 Italian Pietro Conti di Cilavegna invented a new model of typewriter, the tachigrafo, also known as tachitipo.

Was the first typewriter manufactured commercially (1870) In 1865, Rev. Of invented the, which went into commercial production in 1870 and was the first commercially sold typewriter. It was a success in Europe and was reported as being used in offices in London as late as 1909. Malling-Hansen used a escapement to return the carriage on some of his models which makes him a candidate for the title of inventor of the first 'electric' typewriter.

According to the book Hvem er skrivekuglens opfinder? (English: Who is the inventor of the Writing Ball?), written by Malling-Hansen's daughter, Johanne Agerskov, in 1865, Malling-Hansen made a porcelain model of the keyboard of his writing ball and experimented with different placements of the letters to achieve the fastest writing speed. Malling-Hansen placed the letters on short pistons that went directly through the ball and down to the paper. This, together with the placement of the letters so that the fastest writing fingers struck the most frequently used letters, made the Hansen Writing Ball the first typewriter to produce text substantially faster than a person could write by hand.

The Hansen Writing Ball was produced with only upper-case characters. The Writing Ball was used as a template for inventor to create a derivative that would produce letter prints cheaper and faster. Malling-Hansen developed his typewriter further through the 1870s and 1880s and made many improvements, but the writing head remained the same. On the first model of the writing ball from 1870, the paper was attached to a cylinder inside a wooden box. In 1874, the cylinder was replaced by a carriage, moving beneath the writing head. Then, in 1875, the well-known 'tall model' was patented, which was the first of the writing balls that worked without electricity. Malling-Hansen attended the world exhibitions in in 1873 and Paris in 1878 and he received the first-prize for his invention at both exhibitions.

Sholes and Glidden typewriter [ ]. Prototype of the Sholes and Glidden typewriter, the first commercially successful typewriter, and the first with a QWERTY keyboard (1873) The first typewriter to be commercially successful was invented in 1868 by Americans,, and in, although Sholes soon disowned the machine and refused to use, or even to recommend it.

It looked 'like something like a cross between a piano and a kitchen table.' The working prototype was made by the machinist Matthias Schwalbach.

The patent (US 79,265) was sold for $12,000 to Densmore and Yost, who made an agreement with (then famous as a manufacturer of ) to commercialize the machine as the. This was the origin of the term typewriter. Remington began production of its first typewriter on March 1, 1873, in.

It had a keyboard layout, which because of the machine's success, was slowly adopted by other typewriter manufacturers. As with most other early typewriters, because the typebars strike upwards, the typist could not see the characters as they were typed. Index typewriter [ ]. A Mignon Model 4 index typewriter from 1924 Coming into the market in the early 1880s, the index typewriter uses a pointer or stylus to choose a letter from an index.

The pointer is mechanically linked so that the letter chosen could then be printed, most often by the activation of a lever. The index typewriter was briefly popular in niche markets.

Although they were slower than keyboard type machines they were mechanically simpler and lighter, they were therefore marketed as being suitable for travellers, and because they could be produced more cheaply then keyboard machines, as budget machines for users who needed to produce small quantities of typed correspondence. The index typewriter's niche appeal however soon disappeared, as on the one hand new keyboard typewriters became lighter and more portable and on the other refurbished second hand machines began to become available. The last widely available western index machine was the Mignon typewriter produced by which was produced until 1934. Considered one of the very best of the index typewriters, part of the Mignon's popularity was that it featured both interchangeable indexes and, allowing the use of different and, something very few keyboard machines allowed and only at considerable added cost. Although pushed out of the market in most of the world by keyboard machines, successful and are of the index type albeit with a very much larger index and number of type elements. Standardization [ ] By about 1910, the 'manual' or 'mechanical' typewriter had reached a somewhat design.

There were minor variations from one manufacturer to another, but most typewriters followed the concept that each key was attached to a typebar that had the corresponding letter molded, in reverse, into its striking head. When a key was struck briskly and firmly, the typebar hit a ribbon (usually made of ), making a printed mark on the paper wrapped around a cylindrical. The platen was mounted on a carriage that moved left or right, automatically advancing the typing position horizontally after each character was typed. The paper, rolled around the typewriter's platen, was then advanced vertically by the 'carriage return' lever (at the far left, or on the far right for left handed typewriters) into position for each new line of text.

A small bell was struck a few characters before the right hand margin was reached to warn the operator to complete the word and then use the side lever to shift the paper back to the beginning of the next line. Frontstriking [ ] In most of the early typewriters, the typebars struck upward against the paper, pressed against the bottom of the, so the typist could not see the text as it was typed.

What was typed was not visible until a carriage return caused it to scroll into view. The difficulty with any other arrangement was ensuring the typebars fell back into place reliably when the key was released. This was eventually achieved with various ingenious mechanical designs and so-called 'visible typewriters' which used frontstriking, in which the typebars struck forward against the front side of the platen, became standard. One of the first was the Daugherty Visible, introduced in 1893, which also introduced the four-bank keyboard that became standard, although the Underwood which came out two years later was the first major typewriter with these features. However, older 'nonvisible' models continued in production to as late as 1915.

[ ] Shift key [ ]. Comparison of full-keyboard, single-shift, and double-shift typewriters in 1911 A significant innovation was the, introduced with the No. This key physically 'shifted' either the basket of typebars, in which case the typewriter is described as 'basket shift', or the paper-holding carriage, in which case the typewriter is described as 'carriage shift'.

Either mechanism caused a different portion of the typebar to come in contact with the ribbon/platen. The result is that each typebar could type two different characters, cutting the number of keys and typebars in half (and simplifying the internal mechanisms considerably). The obvious use for this was to allow letter keys to type both upper and lower case, but normally the number keys were also duplexed, allowing access to special symbols such as percent (%) and ampersand (&). Before the shift key, typewriters had to have a separate key and typebar for upper-case letters; in essence, the typewriter had two keyboards, one above the other. With the shift key, manufacturing costs (and therefore purchase price) were greatly reduced, and typist operation was simplified; both factors contributed greatly to mass adoption of the technology.

Certain models, such as the Barlet, had a double shift so that each key performed three functions. These little three-row machines were portable and could be used by journalists. However, because the shift key required more force to push (its mechanism was moving a much larger mass than other keys), and was operated by the little finger (normally the weakest finger on the hand), it was difficult to hold the shift down for more than two or three consecutive strokes. The 'shift lock' key (the precursor to the modern ) allowed the shift operation to be maintained indefinitely. Tab key [ ] To facilitate typewriter use in business settings, a tab (tabulator) key was added in the late nineteenth century.

Before using the key, the operator had to set mechanical 'tab stops', pre-designated locations to which the carriage would advance when the tab key was pressed. This facilitated the typing of columns of numbers, freeing the operator from the need to manually position the carriage. Replaceable IBM typeballs with clip, for scale IBM and Remington Rand electric typewriters were the leading models until IBM introduced the in 1961, which replaced the typebars with a spherical element (or typeball) slightly smaller than a golf ball, with reverse-image letters molded into its surface. The Selectric used a system of latches, metal tapes, and pulleys driven by an electric motor to rotate the ball into the correct position and then strike it against the ribbon and platen. The typeball moved laterally in front of the paper, instead of the previous designs using a platen-carrying carriage moving the paper across a stationary print position. Due to the physical similarity, the typeball was sometimes referred to as a 'golfball'.

The typeball design had many advantages, especially the elimination of 'jams' (when more than one key was struck at once and the typebars became entangled) and in the ability to change the typeball, allowing multiple fonts to be used in a single document. The IBM Selectric became a commercial success, dominating the office typewriter market for at least two decades. [ ] IBM also gained an advantage by marketing more heavily to schools than did Remington, with the idea that students who learned to type on a Selectric would later choose IBM typewriters over the competition in the workplace as businesses replaced their old manual models.

[ ] By the 1970s, IBM had succeeded in establishing the Selectric as the de facto standard typewriter in mid- to high-end office environments, replacing the raucous 'clack' of older typebar machines with the quieter sound of gyrating typeballs. Later models of IBM Executives and Selectrics replaced inked fabric ribbons with 'carbon film' ribbons that had a dry black or colored powder on a clear plastic tape. These could be used only once, but later models used a cartridge that was simple to replace. A side effect of this technology was that the text typed on the machine could be easily read from the used ribbon, raising issues where the machines were used for preparing classified documents (ribbons had to be accounted for to ensure that typists did not carry them from the facility). Composer output showing, and available by changing the type ball A variation known as 'Correcting Selectrics' introduced a correction feature, where a sticky tape in front of the carbon film ribbon could remove the black-powdered image of a typed character, eliminating the need for little bottles of white dab-on correction fluid and for hard erasers that could tear the paper.

These machines also introduced selectable 'pitch' so that the typewriter could be switched between type (10 characters per inch) and elite type (12 per inch), even within one document. Even so, all Selectrics were —each character and letterspace was allotted the same width on the page, from a capital 'W' to a period.

Although IBM had produced a successful typebar-based machine with five levels of proportional spacing, called the, proportional spacing was not provided with the Selectric typewriter or its successors the Selectric II and Selectric III. The only fully electromechanical Selectric Typewriter with fully proportional spacing and which used a Selectric type element was the expensive, which was capable of right-margin justification and was considered a rather than a typewriter. In addition to its electronic successors, the (MT/SC), the Mag Card Selectric Composer, and the Electronic Selectric Composer, IBM also made electronic typewriters with proportional spacing using the Selectric element that were considered typewriters or word processors instead of typesetting machines.

The first of these was the relatively obscure Mag Card Executive, which used 88-character elements. Later, some of the same typestyles used for it were used on the 96-character elements used on the IBM Electronic Typewriter 50 and the later models 65 and 85. By 1970, as began to replace, the Composer would be adapted as the output unit for a typesetting system. The system included a computer-driven input station to capture the key strokes on magnetic tape and insert the operator's format commands, and a Composer unit to read the tape and produce the formatted text for photo reproduction. A recording of the sound of typing on a Smith-Corona electric typewriter. Problems playing this file? Some of IBM's advances were later adopted in less expensive machines from competitors.

For example, electric typewriters introduced in 1973 switched to interchangeable Coronamatic (SCM-patented) ribbon cartridges, including fabric, film, erasing, and two-color versions. At about the same time, the advent of meant that carbon copies and erasers were less and less necessary; only the original need be typed, and photocopies made from it. Typewriter/printer hybrids [ ] Towards the end of the commercial popularity of typewriters in the 1970s, a number of hybrid designs combining features of were introduced. These often incorporated keyboards from existing models of typewriters and printing mechanisms of.

The generation of with impact pin-based printing engines was not adequate for the demanding quality required for typed output, and alternative technologies used in thermal had become technically feasible for typewriters. Produced a series of typewriters called Thermotronic with letter-quality output and correcting tape along with printers tagged. Extended the life of their typewriter product line with similar products. The development of these proprietary printing engines provided the vendors with exclusive markets in consumable ribbons and the ability to use standardized printing engines with varying degrees of electronic and software sophistication to develop product lines. Although these changes reduced prices—and greatly increased the convenience—of typewriters, the posed by left these improvements with only a short-term low-end market. To extend the life of these products, many examples were provided with communication ports to connect them to computers as printers.

Electronic typewriters [ ] The final major development of the typewriter was the 'electronic' typewriter. Most of these replaced the typeball with a plastic or metal mechanism (a disk with the letters molded on the outside edge of the 'petals'). The daisy wheel concept first emerged in printers developed by in the 1970s. In 1981,, who by then had bought Diablo Systems, introduced a line of Electronic Typewriters incorporating this technology (the Memorywriter product line). For a time, these products were quite successful as their daisy-wheel mechanism was much simpler and cheaper than either typebar or Selectric mechanisms, and their electronic memory and display allowed the user to easily see errors and correct them before they were actually printed.

One problem with the plastic daisy wheel was that they were not always durable. To solve this problem, more durable metal daisy wheels were made available (but at a slightly higher price). These and similar electronic typewriters were in essence dedicated with either single-line displays or multi-line displays, built-in in ROM, a and, a few kilobytes of internal and optional cartridge, magnetic card or diskette external memory-storage devices for storing text and even document formats. Text could be entered a line or paragraph at a time and edited using the display and built-in software tools before being committed to paper. Unlike the Selectrics and earlier models, these really were 'electronic' and relied on integrated circuits and multiple electromechanical components. These typewriters were sometimes called display typewriters, dedicated word processors or word-processing typewriters, though the latter term was also frequently applied to less sophisticated machines that featured only a tiny, sometimes just single-row display.

Sophisticated models were also called word processors, though today that term almost always denotes a type of software program. Manufacturers of such machines included (Brother WP1 and WP500 etc., where WP stood for word processor), (), (PWP, i.e. Personal Word Processor line) and / (). The Brother WP1, an electronic typewriter complete with a small screen and a reader End of an era [ ] The 1970s and early 1980s were a time of transition for typewriters and word processors. At one point in time, most small-business offices would be completely 'old-style', while large corporations and government departments would already be 'new-style'; other offices would have a mixture.

The pace of change was so rapid that it was common for clerical staff to have to learn several new systems, one after the other, in just a few years. While such rapid change is commonplace today, and is taken for granted, this was not always so; in fact, typewriting technology changed very little in its first 80 or 90 years.

Due to falling sales, IBM sold its typewriter division in 1991 to, completely exiting from a market it once dominated. The increasing dominance of,, the introduction of low-cost, truly high-quality and technologies, and the pervasive use of, and other electronic communication techniques have largely replaced typewriters in the United States. Still, as of 2009, typewriters continued to be used by a number of government agencies and other institutions in the US, where they are primarily used to fill preprinted forms.

According to a Boston typewriter repairman quoted by, 'Every maternity ward has a typewriter, as well as funeral homes'. A fairly major typewriter user is the City of New York, which in 2008 purchased several thousand typewriters, mostly for use by the, at the total cost of $982,269. Another $99,570 was spent in 2009 for the maintenance of the existing typewriters.

New York police officers would use the machines to type property and evidence vouchers on forms. A rather specialized market for typewriters exists due to the regulations of many correctional systems in the US, where prisoners are prohibited from having computers or telecommunication equipment, but are allowed to own typewriters. The Swintec corporation (headquartered in ), which, as of 2011, still produced typewriters at its overseas factories (in,, and/or ), manufactures a variety of typewriters for use in prisons, made of clear plastic (to make it harder for prisoners to hide prohibited items inside it).

As of 2011, the company had contracts with prisons in 43 US states. In April 2011, Godrej and Boyce, a -based manufacturer of mechanical typewriters, closed its doors, leading to a flurry of erroneous news reports that the 'world's last typewriter factory' had shut down. The reports were quickly debunked. In November 2012, Brother's UK factory manufactured what it claimed to be the last typewriter ever made in the UK; the typewriter was donated to the. Russian typewriters use, which has made the ongoing from to more difficult. In 1997, the government of offered to donate western typewriters to the in exchange for more zealous and exclusive promotion of the Latin alphabet for the Azerbaijani language; this offer, however, was declined. [ ] In Latin America and Africa, mechanical typewriters are still common because they can be used without electrical power.

In Latin America, the typewriters used are most often Brazilian models – Brazil continues to produce mechanical (Facit) and electronic (Olivetti) typewriters to the present day. The 21st century has seen a revival of interest in typewriters among certain subcultures, including makers, steampunks, hipsters, and street poets. Correction technologies [ ]. An Elliott-Fisher book typewriter on display at the in, According to the standards taught in secretarial schools in the mid-20th century, a was supposed to have no mistakes and no visible corrections. [ ] Accuracy was prized as much as speed.

Driver Usb Onda V971 Firmware. Indeed, typing speeds, as scored in proficiency tests and, included a deduction of ten words for every mistake. Corrections were, of course, necessary, and many methods were developed. In practice, several methods would often be combined. For example, if six extra copies of a letter were needed, the fluid-corrected original would be photocopied, but only for the two recipients getting 'c.c.' S; the other four copies, the less-important file copies that stayed in various departments at the office, would be cheaper, hand-erased, less-distinct bond paper copies or even 'flimsies' of different colors (tissue papers interleaved with black carbon paper) that were all typed as a 'carbon pack' at the same time as the original. In informal applications such as personal letters where low priority was placed on the appearance of the document, or conversely in highly formal applications in which it was important that any corrections be obvious, the backspace key could be used to back up over the error and then overstrike it with hyphens, slashes, Xs, or the like. Typewriter erasers [ ].

Triumph typewriter eraser (1960) The traditional erasing method involved the use of a special typewriter made of that contained an material. Some were thin, flat disks, pink or gray, approximately 2 inches (51 mm) in diameter by ⅛ inch (3.2 mm) thick, with a brush attached from the center, while others looked like pink pencils, with a sharpenable eraser at the 'lead' end and a stiff brush at the other end. Either way, these tools made possible erasure of individual typed letters. Business letters were typed on heavyweight, high-rag-content bond paper, not merely to provide a luxurious appearance, but also to stand up to erasure. Typewriter eraser brushes were necessary for clearing eraser crumbs and paper dust, and using the brush properly was an important element of typewriting skill; if erasure detritus fell into the typewriter, a small buildup could cause the typebars to jam in their narrow supporting grooves.

Eraser shield [ ] Erasing a set of was particularly difficult, and called for the use of a device called an eraser shield (a thin stainless-steel rectangle about 2 by 3 inches (51 by 76 mm) with several tiny holes in it) to prevent the pressure of erasing on the upper copies from producing carbon smudges on the lower copies. To correct copies, typists had to go from carbon copy to carbon copy, trying not to get their fingers dirty as they leafed through the carbon papers, and moving and repositioning the eraser shield and eraser for each copy. Erasable bond [ ] Paper companies produced a special form of typewriter paper called erasable bond (for example, ). This incorporated a thin layer of material that prevented ink from penetrating and was relatively soft and easy to remove from the page. An ordinary soft pencil eraser could quickly produce perfect erasures on this kind of paper. However, the same characteristics that made the paper erasable made the characters subject to smudging due to ordinary friction and deliberate alteration after the fact, making it unacceptable for business correspondence, contracts, or any archival use.

Correction fluid [ ]. Main article: In the 1950s and 1960s, made its appearance, under brand names such as, and; it was invented. Correction fluid was a kind of opaque, white, fast-drying paint that produced a fresh white surface onto which, when dry, a correction could be retyped.

However, when held to the light, the covered-up characters were visible, as was the patch of dry correction fluid (which was never perfectly flat, and frequently not a perfect match for the color, texture, and luster of the surrounding paper). The standard trick for solving this problem was the corrected page, but this was possible only with high quality photocopiers.

A different fluid was available for correcting stencils. It sealed up the stencil ready for retyping but did not attempt to color match. Dry correction [ ] Dry correction products (such as ) under brand names such as 'Ko-Rec-Type' were introduced in the 1970s and functioned like white carbon paper. A strip of the product was placed over the letters needing correction, and the incorrect letters were retyped, causing the black character to be overstruck with a white overcoat. Similar material was soon incorporated in carbon-film electric typewriter ribbons; like the traditional two-color black-and-red inked ribbon common on manual typewriters, a black and white correcting ribbon became commonplace on electric typewriters. But the black or white coating could be partly rubbed off with handling, so such corrections were generally not acceptable in legal documents.

The pinnacle of this kind of technology was the Electronic Typewriter series. These machines, and similar products from other manufacturers, used a separate correction ribbon and a character memory. With a single keystroke, the typewriter was capable of automatically backspacing and then overstriking the previous characters with minimal marring of the paper.

White cover-up ribbons were used with fabric ink ribbons, or an alternate premium design featured plastic lift-off correction ribbons which were used with carbon film typing ribbons. This latter technology actually lifted the carbon film forming a typed letter, leaving nothing more than a flattened depression in the surface of the paper, with the advantage that no color matching of the paper was needed. Legacy [ ] Keyboard layouts [ ].

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